Mouse treatment

The effects of experimental treatments and genetic interventions (gene knockout) on the course of infection and pathology in murine malaria models are listed in this part of the database. For each molecule, data about the genetic background of the mouse strain (and number of backcrosses), parasite species, inoculum size (pRBC), details of the treatment/knockout, effect on parasitemia, pathology and survival, additional data of the effects of the treatments (e.g. on expression of other factors), references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: ALI, acute lung injury; anti-…; treatment with depleting antibodies; CM, experimental cerebral malaria (when indicated the incidence is included between brackets, e.g. CM (100%) means that 100% of the mice suffered from cerebral pathology); EG, experimental group; HP&A, hyperparasitemia and anemia; i.p., intraperitoneal administration; MA-ARDS, malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome; N.I., not indicated; p.o., oral administration; r, recombinant; R, receptor; s, soluble; ♂ male mice; ♀ female mice; -/-, gene knockout mice; +, and/positive (example1: rIL-1a + anti-IFN-g: mice were treated with recombinant IL-1a and antibodies to deplete IFN-g; example2: CD4+ T cells, CD4 positive T cells); ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; ~, on average

Molecule/Cell

Plasmodium strain

Experimental treatment group (EG)

Dynamic Fields

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Mouse genetic background (Con)	Experimental treatment group (EG)	Lethal infection (Con)	Lethal infection (EG)	Pathology (Con)	Pathology (EG)	Parasitemia (EG vs Con)	Additional phenotypes (EG vs Con)	Refs	PubMed
T cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	BALB/c-nu/+	Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	↓ IFN-g and similar IL-4 and TNF-a protein levels in the spleen 24h p.i.; ↑ parasite inoculum was necessary to induce IFN-g production in spleen	De Souza et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
T cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/10SnJ-nu/nu	Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD4	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
T cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	BALB/c	Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Increased without clearance	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
T cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	BALB/c-nu/nu	Adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ splenocytes	yes	no	N.I.	N.I.	Spontaneous parasite clearance	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
T cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	BALB/c-nu/nu	Adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
T cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/10SnJ	Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	No parasite clearance	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
T cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/10SnJ-nu/nu	Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes	yes	no	N.I.	N.I.	Spontaneous parasite clearance	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
T cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/10SnJ-nu/nu	Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD8	yes	no	N.I.	N.I.	Spontaneous parasite clearance	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
T cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	BALB/cAnN	Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Increased without clearance	Thymus grafting from birth protected nude mice from a lethal infection; ↑ IgG1, IgG2 and similar IgM levels before and after infection	Weinbaum et al., 1976, J Immunol	Link
T cells/CD8	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	Thymectomy + anti-CD8	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (14%)	Similar	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology	Link
T cells/CD8	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/10	Thymectomy + anti-CD8	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	Similar	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology	Link
T cells/CD8	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH	Thymectomy + anti-CD8	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1993, Science	Link
Taurine	Plasmodium chabaudi (N.I.)	129/SvJ x C57BL/6	Taut -/-	10%	yes	Anemia	Multiple organ dysfunction	Increased peak	All mice died between day 8 and 13 p.i. of MOD (brain, liver, lung and kidney pathology); ↓ circulating taurine levels; similar AST, ALT, bile acid and bilirubin; ↑ plasma ammonia levels; ↑ serum TNF-a and IL-1b; liver: necrotic areas and inflammation; hypertrophic Kuppfer cells with more Hz; no reduction in particle trapping capacity; ↑ IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-6, iNOS, NF-KB, VDR and similar CYP3A11, SULT2B1, UGT1A1, MRP4, Actb mRNA expression	Delic et al., 2010, Infect Immun	Link
Testosterone	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	testosterone	♀24%	♀ yes	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak	Similar reticulocytosis and anemia	Wunderlich et al., 2005, Microbes Infect	Link
TGF-b	Plasmodium berghei NK65	BALB/c	anti-TGF-b	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Earlier onset	Earlier death (~ 1 week); ↑ serum TNF-a and similar IFN-g, IL-4 and IL-10	Omer et al., 1998, J Exp Med	Link
TGF-b	Plasmodium berghei NK65	BALB/c	rTGF-b	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed onset	Dose-dependent delay of mortality (2-3 weeks); ↓ serum TNF-a and IL-4; ↑serum IFN-g and IL-10	Omer et al., 1998, J Exp Med	Link
TGF-b	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi A/J	BALB/c	anti-TGF-b	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	No decline	N.I.	Omer et al., 1998, J Exp Med	Link
TGF-b	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	BALB/c Cr Slc	anti-TGF-b	yes	20%	N.I.	N.I.	Slightly lower peak and spontaneous decline	↑ serum IFN-g (day 7) and NO (day 10)	Tsutsui et al., 1999, Infect Immun	Link
TGF-b	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/10 Sn Slc	rTGF-b	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	No decline and increased	↓ serum IFN-g (day 7) and NO (day 10); abrogated increase of Ly6A/E on CD4+ T cells and abrogated increase of MHC-II on CD11b+ cells in spleen	Tsutsui et al., 1999, Infect Immun	Link
TGF-b	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	C57BL/6	anti-TGF-b	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	↑ plasma IL-10 and similar plasma IFN-g and TNF-a	Omer et al., 2003, J Immunol	Link
TGF-b	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	BALB/c	anti-TGF-b	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	No effect	Omer et al., 1998, J Exp Med	Link
TGF-b/IL-10R	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	C57BL/6	anti-TGF-b + anti-IL-10R	yes	60% (at the end of observation day 34)	N.I.	N.I.	Complete parasite clearance	↑ plasma TNF-a and slightly ↑ plasma IFN-g	Omer et al., 2003, J Immunol	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium berghei (N.I.)	BALB/c	rTGF-b1 (oral)	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar mortality	Namangale et al., 2009, Jpn J Vet Res	Link
TIRAP	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TIRAP -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol	Link
Tissue PA (tPA)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129/Sv	tPA -/-	yes	yes	CM	CM	N.I.	N.I.	Piguet et al., 2000, Infect Immun	Link
TLR1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR1 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol	Link
TLR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR2 -/-	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (45%)	Similar	Similar serum IL-12p40, IFN-g and TNF-a; ↓ hemozoin clusters in brain vessels	Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol	Link
TLR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR2 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Similar thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia and anemia; ↑ lymphopenia	Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol	Link
TLR2	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	TLR2 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar up-regulation of CD40, CD86 and MHC class II, similar production of TNF-a and IL-12p70, degradation of IkB-a and translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus after incubation of TLR2 -/- DCs with P. berghei or P. chabaudi schizonts; Similar increase of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on splenic DCs isolated from P. berghei-infected mice 6 days p.i. and P. chabaudi-infected mice 7 days p.i.	Seixas et al., 2009, Eur J Immunol	Link
TLR2	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	TLR2 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar hypothermia and weight loss during peak parasitemia; resistant to a secondary infection; similar IgG1 and IgG2a levels; ↓ TNF-a and similar IFN-g and MCP-1 production by splenocytes 8 days p.i.; similar serum levels of TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 8 day	Franklin et al., 2007, Microbes Infect	Link
TLR2/4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR2/4 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol	Link
TLR2/4	Plasmodium berghei NK65	129 x C57BL/6	TLR2/4 -/-	yes	yes	Liver pathology	Liver pathology	Similar	Similar serum IL-12 and liver injury	Adachi et al., 2001, J Immunol	Link
TLR2/4	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	N.I.	TLR2/4 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Cramer et al., 2008, Microbes Infect	Link
TLR2/4/9	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	129/Sv x C57BL/6	TLR2/4/9 -/-	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Similar CD8+CD62Llow and ↓ CD4+CD62Llow T cells in brain; similar ICAM-1 and CD31 in brain; similar IL-12p40 and IL-18 in serum	Lepenies et al., 2008, Med Microbial Immunol	Link
TLR2/4/9	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	N.I.	TLR2/4/9 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar serum IL-12p40 and IL-18 6 days p.i.; ↑ number of CD62Llow+CD4+ and CD69+CD4+ T cells in the spleen 6 days p.i.; no difference in [3H]thymidine uptake upon stimulation of splenocytes with anti-CD3; similar production of IL-12p40, IFN-g and ↑ IL-10 after stimulation of splenocytes isolated 6 days p.i. with anti-CD3	Cramer et al., 2008, Microbes Infect	Link
TLR3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR3 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol	Link
TLR4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR4 -/-	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (85%)	Similar	N.I.	Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol	Link
TLR4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR4 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol	Link
TLR4	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	TLR4 -/-	no	25%	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Decreased up-regulation of CD40, CD86 and MHC class II, decreased production of TNF-a and IL-12p70, no degradation of IkB-a and no translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus after incubation of TLR4 -/- DCs with P. berghei or P. chabaudi schizonts; Decreased expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on splenic DCs isolated from P. berghei-infected mice 6 days p.i. and P. chabaudi-infected mice 7 days p.i.	Seixas et al., 2009, Eur J Immunol	Link
TLR4	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	TLR4 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar hypothermia and weight loss during peak parasitemia; similar TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 production by splenocytes 8 days p.i.; similar serum levels of TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 8 days p.i.	Franklin et al., 2007, Microbes Infect	Link
TLR5	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR5 -/-	yes	yes	CM (85%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol	Link
TLR6	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR6 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol	Link
TLR6	Plasmodium berghei NK65	129/Sv x C57BL/6	TLR6 -/-	yes	yes	Liver pathology	Liver pathology	Similar	Similar serum IL-12 and liver injury	Adachi et al., 2001, J Immunol	Link
TLR6	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	TLR6 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar hypothermia and weight loss during peak parasitemia; similar TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 production by splenocytes 8 days p.i.; similar serum levels of TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 8 days p.i.	Franklin et al., 2007, Microbes Infect	Link
TLR7	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR7 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol	Link
TLR7	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR7.tg (SLE-susceptible)	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (10%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (days); ↑ splenomegaly; ↓ number of brain microhemorrhages; no kidney inflammation	Waisberg et al., 2010, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
TLR9	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR9 -/-	yes	yes	CM (85%)	CM (54%)	Similar	Similar serum IL-12p40 and IFN-g; ↓ serum TNF-a; ↓ hemozoin clusters in brain vessels	Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol	Link
TLR9	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TLR9 -/-	yes	yes	CM	CM	Similar	Similar neurologic symptoms; similar ICAM-1 in brain; similar inflammation in lung; similar hemozoin deposition in liver	Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol	Link
TLR9	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	TLR9 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Decreased up-regulation of CD40, CD86 and MHC class II, decreased production of TNF-a and IL-12p70, no degradation of IkB-a and no translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus after incubation of TLR9 -/- DCs with P. berghei or P. chabaudi schizonts; Decreased expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on splenic DCs isolated from P. berghei-infected mice 6 days p.i. and P. chabaudi-infected mice 7 days p.i.	Seixas et al., 2009, Eur J Immunol	Link
TLR9	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	TLR9 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar hypothermia and weight loss during peak parasitemia; similar TNF-a and MCP-1 and ↓ IFN-g production by splenocytes 8 days p.i.; similar serum levels of TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 8 days p.i.	Franklin et al., 2007, Microbes Infect	Link
TLR9	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	C57BL/6	TLR9 -/-	94%	50%	N.I.	N.I.	Variable	Similar CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ (Treg) cells in spleen; no activation of Treg cells; ↑ CD62LlowCD69high and IFN-g+ CD4+ cells in spleen; CD4+ cells proliferated in response to pRBC	Hisaeda et al., 2008, J Immunol	Link
TLR9	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	N.I.	TLR9 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Cramer et al., 2008, Microbes Infect	Link
TLR9	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/6	TLR9 -/-	no	no	Anemia	Anemia	Similar	N.I.	Hisaeda et al., 2008, J Immunol	Link
TLR9/CD4	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	TLR9 -/- (C57BL/6)	anti-CD4	50%	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Hisaeda et al., 2008, J Immunol	Link
TLR9/IFN-g	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	TLR9 -/- (C57BL/6)	anti-IFN-g	50%	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Hisaeda et al., 2008, J Immunol	Link
TNF	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 408XZ	C57BL/6J	TNF -/-	29%	70%	Anemia	Anemia	Increased peak and increased recrudescences	↓ Hb levels on d4, d12 and d16 p.i.; similar blood glucose and lactate levels except on d7 p.i.; ↓ body temperature on d7, d12, d16 and d25 p.i.; similar body weights except on d4 p.i.	Hernandez-Valladares et al., 2006, Exp Parasitol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei (N.I.)	C57BL/6	TNF-a -/-	yes	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Similar number of CD11c+ DC in the spleen; ↓ expression of MHC II, CD80 and CD86 by splenic CD11c+ DC; CD11c+ DC were better at initiation of proliferation of OTII T cells; ↑ IL-12 secreting DC in the spleen	Wykes et al., 2007, J Immunol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	rHu-TNF-a or rMu-TNF-a	yes	yes	CM	No CM	N.I.	No neurological symptoms; no petechial hemorrhages or edema in brain; no monocytes adherence in cerebral vessels; developed hypoglycaemia and midzonal liver necrosis	Clark et al., 1992, Am J Pathol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TNF-a -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	similar	↓ serum NO3-; similar serum IFN-g, ↓ ICAM-1 and ↓ CR3+ leukocytes in the brain	Engwerda et al., 2002, J Exp Med	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-TNF-a	yes	yes	CM (79%)	CM (6,6%)	similar	Prolonged survival (1-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; no macrophage accumulation in brain; ↓ macrophage accumulation in spleen and lymph nodes; similar parasite-specific Ab response	Grau et al., 1987, Science	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-TNF-a	yes	N.I.	CM (80%)	N.I.	N.I.	↓ serum IL-6	Grau et al., 1990, J Exp Med	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	N.I.	TNF-a -/-	yes	yes	CM	CM	N.I.	Similar indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 mRNA expression in the brain	Hansen et al., 2004, Int J Parasitol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	TNF-a -/-	yes	yes	CM	CM	Similar	Similar neurologic symptoms; similar levels of [31P]-containing metabolites (phosphomonoesters (PME), inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatinine (PCr), Pi:b-ATP, Pi:PCr) and ↑ levels (normal values) of b-ATP and PCr:PME in brain 6-7 days p.i.; ↓ GABA, and aspartate, ↑ glutamine and NAA, and similar alanine, lactate and glutamate metabolite pool sizes in brain (compared with uninfected TNF-a -/- mice); similar brain net flux of 13C from D-[1-13C]glucose into metabolic intermediates associated with Krebs cycle (↓ compared to uninfected TNF-a -/- mice), except for Asp C3 and Lac C3 which was not ↓ and Ala C3 which did not change upon infection	Parekh et al., 2006, Int J Parasitol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-TNF-a	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Similar number of microparticles in plasma	Piguet et al., 2002, Apoptosis	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	TNF-a -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	similar	Similar neurologic symptoms: similar ischemic brain damage, brain swelling, edema and vascular blood flow perturbations; no anemia (cfr. WT); similar perforin+CD8+, CD54+CD8+ and CD69+CD8+ T cells in brain; similar lung pathology and edema; similar thickening of alveolar septae	Togbe et al., 2008, PLoS One	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)	yes	yes	CM	TNF toxicity	N.I.	Died 24 h after injection; hypothermia, brain petechial hemorrhages; ↑ kidney, lung and liver pathology	Curfs et al., 1993, Parasitology	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	rHu-TNF-a (↓ dose)	yes	yes	CM	No CM	N.I.	Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; no hypothermia; n=3	Curfs et al., 1993, Parasitology	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	anti-TNF-a	yes	yes	CM (96%)	CM (96%)	N.I.	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasite Immunol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	CBA/CaH	rHu-TNF-a	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed onset and decreased peak	N.I.	Clark et al., 1987, J Immunol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	TNF-a -/-	no	no	Anemia	Anemia	Similar	Similar anemia, serum IFN-g and Ig titers; ↓ serum TNF-a	Clark et al., 2007, Parasite Immunol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	anti-TNF-a (Mab)	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar iNOS mRNA expression in spleen 7 days p.i.; partial ↓ NO3- levels in serum 7 days p.i.; ↓ spleen weight 7 days p.i.	Jacobs et al. 1996, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	anti-TNF-a (PAb)	no	50%	N.I.	N.I.	Slightly delayed onset (1 day)	N.I.	Jacobs et al., 1996, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	DBA/2	anti-TNF-a	70%	20%	Liver pathology	No liverpathology	Similar	↓ liver apoptosis and necrosis; ↓ plasma AST and ALT; similar blood hemoglobin concentration	Seixas et al., 2008, Parasitology	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	DBA/2	anti-TNF-a	75%	25%	Liver pathology and severe anemia	No liverpathology	Similar	↓ plasma AST, ↓ liver portal and central lobular vein necrosis, inhibition of hepatocyte programmed cell death; only the combination of free heme and TNF-a induced free radicals, lipid peroxidation products and apoptosis in hepatocytes in an in vitro assay which was reduced after treatment with anti-oxidantia (BHA, NAC) or by transduction of hepatocytes with an HO-1 expressing adenovirus	Seixas et al., 2009, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	rHuTNF-a	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	High doses of rHu-TNF-a resulted in 100 % mortality even at low parasitemia levels	Stevenson et al., 1989, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	A/J	rHuTNF-a	yes	20%	N.I.	N.I.	Spontaneous decline and clearance	Resistant to secondary infection	Stevenson et al., 1989, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium vinckei (N.I.)	C57BL/6	TNF-a -/-	yes	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Similar number of CD11c+ DC in the spleen;↓ expression of MHC II, CD80 and CD86 by splenic CD11c+ DC; similar initiation of proliferation of OTII T cells; ↑ IL-12 secreting DC in the spleen	Wykes et al., 2007, J Immunol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium vinckei vinckei	CBA/Ca	rHu-TNF-a or rMu-TNF-a	yes	yes	HP&A	HP&A	N.I.	No neurological symptoms; ↑ midzonal liver necrosis and hypoglycemia	Clark et al., 1992, Am J Pathol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	C57BL/6 x 129	TNF-a -/-	Lethality dependent on parasite dosis, no difference between WT and KO mice	Lethality dependent on parasite dosis, no difference between WT and KO mice	N.I.	N.I.	No clearance in 25 days	N.I.	Shear et al., 1998, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/6 x 129	TNF-a -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak and delayed clearance	N.I.	Shear et al., 1998, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
TNF-a/ IFN-g	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	anti-TNF-a + anti-IFN-g	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak	↓ iNOS mRNA expression in spleen 7 days p.i.; ↓ NO3- levels in serum (synergy) 7 days p.i.; ↓ spleen weight 7 days p.i.	Jacobs et al. 1996, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a/ LT-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TNF-a -/- x LT-a -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	Similar	Prolonged survival (days); no neurological symptoms; ↓ serum NO3- and IFN-g; ↓ ICAM-1 and CR3+ leukocytes in the brain	Engwerda et al., 2002, J Exp Med	Link
TNF-a/ LT-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	129/Sv/Ev x C57BL/6	TNF-a -/- x LT-a -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	similar	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks); no neurological symptoms; similar anemia; slightly ↑ leukocytosis; no leukocyte accumulation in brain; ↓ ICAM-1 + CD11b in brain; ↓ serum NO; ↓ IFN-g and no IL-12 , IL-10 and IL-4 mRNA expression in the brain; similar IFN-g, IL-12, IL-10 and no IL-4 mRNA expression in the spleen	Rudin et al., 1997, Am J Pathol	Link
TNFR1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	Tg + soluble TNFR1	yes	yes	CM (80%)	CM (20-30% in high expressor mice); CM (100% in low expressor mice)	similar	Prolonged survival in high-expressor mice (~2 weeks); no neurological symptoms	Garcia et al., 1995, Eur J Immunol	Link
TNFR1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129	TNFR1 -/-	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (78%)	similar	Similar neurologic symptoms; similar serum IFN-g, TNF-a and sTNFR2; similar ICAM-1 expression on endothelial cells and sequestering leukocytes in the brain; induction of ICAM-1 expression in MVEC through binding of membrane-bound mTNF-a (but not soluble mTNF or membrane-bound hTNF) with TNFR2	Lucas et al., 1997, Eur J Immun	Link
TNFR1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129	TNFR1 -/-	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (78%)	similar	Similar neurologic symptoms and lung pathology; similar serum IFN-g and TNF-a; similar ICAM-1 endothelial expression in brain and lung	Lucas et al., 1997, J Neuroimmunol	Link
TNFR1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	TNFR1 -/-	yes	yes	CM	CM	similar	Similar TNF-a, CD40 and ICAM-1 in brain; ↓ vascular leakage in brain and lung; similar BBB breakdown, macrophage accumulation in brain, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hypothermia, edema, thrombocytopenia and lung weight; enlarged basement membrane of brain capillaries in KO mice	Piguet et al., 2002, Lab Invest	Link
TNFR1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	TNFR1 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	Similar neurologic symptoms	Togbe et al., 2008, PLoS One	Link
TNFR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TNFR2 -/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	ICAM-1 increased on d4 and similar on d6 in brain; increased on d4-6 in lungs	Bauer et al., 2002, Microcirculation	Link
TNFR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129	TNFR2 -/-	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (10%)	similar	Prolonged survival (weeks); no neurological symptoms; similar serum IFN-g, TNF-a and sTNFR1; no ↑ in ICAM-1 expression on brain endothelial cells; no sequestration of leukocytes in the brain; no induction of ICAM-1 expression in MVEC after stimulation with soluble or membrane-bound mTNF or membrane-bound hTNF	Lucas et al., 1997, Eur J Immun	Link
TNFR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129	TNFR2 -/-	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (10%)	similar	Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; similar serum IFN-g and TNF-a; similar lung pathology;↓ ICAM-1 endothelial expression in brain and similar ICAM-1 in lungs	Lucas et al., 1997, J Neuroimmunol	Link
TNFR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TNFR2 -/-	yes	yes	CM	No CM	similar	No hypothermia, hyperglycemia or coma; ↓ vascular permeability in brain and lung; similar thrombocytopenia and lung weight; similar leukocyte sequestration in brain; ↓ macrophage accumulation and similar pRBC sequestration in alveolar capillaries; similar TNF-a, CD40 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression in brain and spleen; similar TNF-a, CD40 and ↓ ICAM-1 in lung; insulin sensitive (mice died of hypoglycemia after insulin injection)	Piguet et al., 2002, Lab Invest	Link
TNFR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TNFR2 -/-	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (25%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; no platelet staining in brain	Stoelcker et al., 2002, Infect Immun	Link
TNFR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TNFR2 -/-bone marrow cells	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (90%)	Similar	Similar neurologic symptoms	Stoelcker et al., 2002, Infect Immun	Link
TNFR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	TNFR2 -/-	WT bone marrow cells	yes	yes	CM (25%)	CM (50%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms	Stoelcker et al., 2002, Infect Immun	Link
TNFR2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TNFR2 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (10%)	N.I.	No neurologic symptoms	Togbe et al., 2008, PLoS One	Link
TRIF	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	129/Ola x C57BL/6	TRIF -/-	yes	yes	CM (91%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Similar red blood cell and leukocyte sequestration in brain microvasculature; similar endothelial cell detachment; similar granzyme B, CCL3 and lipocalin-2 mRNA in brain; Similar serum IL-12p40, IFN-g and TNF-a	Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol	Link
TRIF	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	TRIF -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol	Link
TRIF	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	N.I.	TRIF -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar serum IL-12p40 6 days p.i.	Cramer et al., 2008, Microbes Infect	Link
uPA receptor (uPAR, CD87)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129/Sv	uPAR -/-	yes	yes	CM (80%)	CM (20%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (~1 week) ; ↓ thrombocytopenia; slightly ↓ platelet life span (similar to noninfected uPAR -/- mice); slightly ↑ fibrinogen half-life; ↑ splenomegaly; no ↑ in lung weight; similar TNF-a mRNA in spleen, lung and brain; similar leakage of Evans Blue in brain and lung; ↓ platelet trapping in alveolar and brain capillaries; similar PMN, macrophage and pRBC sequestration in alveolar capillaries; similar mononuclear leukocytes in brain microvasculature	Piguet et al., 2000, Infect Immun	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Mouse treatment

Pages

a4 integrin chain
ab T cell
ABCA1
Apo-AI
Arachidonic acid
ASC
B cells
B cells/gd T cells
B cells/IFN-g
B/C2
b2 integrin (CD18)
Bcl-2
C1q
C3aR
C3aR/C5aR
C5
C5a
C5aR
C9
Caspase-1
Caspase-12
Caspase-12/caspase-1
Caspase-12/IFN-g
Caspase-12/IKK
caspases
Catecholamines
CCR2
CCR5
CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1)
CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, CR3)
CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, CR3)
CD11c/CD18 (CR4)
CD11d/CD18
CD134L
CD14
CD1d-restricted NKT cells
CD36
CD4
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells
CD4+CD25+T cells
CD4/CD8
CD4/CD8/B cells
CD40
CD40L
CD41/CD61 (gpIIb/IIIa)
CD54 (ICAM-1)
CD62L (L-selectin, LECAM-1)
CD62P (P-selectin)
CD8
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells/IP-10
CD80
CD80/CD86
CD86
Class A type I and II macrophage scavenger receptors
COX-1/2
COX-2
CRP
CTLA-4
CTLA-4/CD4
CTLA-4/CD8
CTLA-4/IFN-g
CTLA-4/TNF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL12 (SDF-1a)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL9 (MIG)
CXCR3
CXCR4
Cystamine (CysH)
Cysteamine (CysH)
Cytidine deaminase AID (Aicda)/Ig heavy chain µ-secretory domein
EPO
Fas
FasL
FcgR
FcgRI
FcgRIIB
FcgRIIB/TLR7
Fibrinogen
Free radicals
G-CSF
G-CSF/IFN-g
G-CSF/TNF-a
gd T cells
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)/TNF-a
GM-CSF
Histamine R1
Histamine R2
Histamine R3
Histamine R3/R1
Histamine R3/R2
Histamine R4
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD4
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD8
HMG-CoA reductase
HMGB1
HO-1
HO-1/CD8
HVEM
Hydrogen sulfide gas (HS)
IDO-1
Ifit1
IFN-a
IFN-a/IFN-g
IFN-b
IFN-g
IFN-g
IFN-g
IFN-g/CTLA-4
IFN-gR
IFN-gRa
IFNabR
IFNaR1
IFNaR1
IL-10
IL-10/CD25
IL-10/IFN-g
IL-10/TGF-b
IL-10/TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12/CD4
IL-12/chloroquine
IL-12/CTLA-4
IL-12/IFN-g
IL-12/IFN-g/TNF-a
IL-12/NK cells
IL-12/NOS2
IL-12/TNF-a
IL-12p40
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18/CTLA-4
IL-1a
IL-1a/IFN-g
IL-1b
IL-1R
IL-2
IL-2/B cells
IL-2/gd T cell
IL-23p19
IL-27R
IL-27R/CD4
IL-27R/CD8
IL-27R/IFN-g
IL-27R/IFN-g/TNF-a
IL-27R/IL-10
IL-27R/TNF-a
IL-3
IL-3/GM-CSF
IL-4
IL-4/NK cells
IL-4/NOS2
IL-4Ra
IL-4Ra/NK cells
IL-4Ra/NOS2
IL-6
Immune cells
IRF-1
IRF-1/IL-12
IRF8
Irgm1
Isg15
Jak3
Kynurenine-3-hydroxylase
LAG-3
LIGHT
LMP7
LT
LTa
LTab
LTb
LTbR
LTbR/testosterone
Lymphocytes
Mannose receptors
meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
MHC-II
MHC-II/CD4
MHC-II/IP-10
Microparticle (MP)
MMP-9
MMP/TACE
Monocyte/Macrophages
MyD88
NADPH oxidase
NADPH oxidase/B cells
NADPH oxidase/NOS2
NADPH oxidase/NOS2/XO
NADPH oxidase/XO
NADPH oxidase/XO/B cells
Neutrophils + eosinophils
NK cells
NK/NKT cells
NKT cell
Nlrc4
Nlrp3
Nod1Nod2
NOS2
NOS2/B cells
NOS2/XO
NOS2/XO/B cells
NOS3
P2X7R
PAFR
Pantethine
PARP-1
PD-L1
PD-L1/CD4
PD-L1/CD8
PD-L1/IFN-g
PD-L1/LAG-3
PD-L1/TNF
PD-L2
Perforin (PFP)
PGI2
Plasmacytoid DCs
Plasmin
Platelets
Scavenger receptors
sFLT1 (sVEGFR)
SOCS1
SOCS2
Stat1
T cells
T cells/CD8
Taurine
Testosterone
TGF-b
TGF-b/IL-10R
TGF-b1
TIRAP
Tissue PA (tPA)
TLR1
TLR2
TLR2/4
TLR2/4/9
TLR3
TLR4
TLR5
TLR6
TLR7
TLR9
TLR9/CD4
TLR9/IFN-g
TNF
TNF-a
TNF-a/ IFN-g
TNF-a/ LT-a
TNFR1
TNFR2
TRIF
uPA receptor (uPAR, CD87)
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)
Va14+ NKT cell

Plasmodium berghei (N.I.)
Plasmodium berghei ANKA
Plasmodium berghei K173
Plasmodium berghei NK65
Plasmodium berghei Pasteur
Plasmodium berghei tg for P. falciparum MSP19
Plasmodium berghei XAT
Plasmodium chabaudi
Plasmodium chabaudi (N.I.)
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 408XZ
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA
Plasmodium chabaudi adami DK
Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS
Plasmodium chabaudi AS
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi A/J
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi CR
Plasmodium vinckei (N.I.)
Plasmodium vinckei petteri CR
Plasmodium vinckei vinckei
Plasmodium yoelii
Plasmodium yoelii 17NL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL + Salmonella typhimurium
Plasmodium yoelii 265

rhG-CSF + anti-IFN-g
+ adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ cells from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ cells from IFNaR1-/- mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of splenocytes depleted of CD8+ cells from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of total splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ anti-HMGB1
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) (day -1) + serum amyloid P (rSAP)
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day -1)
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day 1)
+ cystamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride
+ cysteamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride (therapeutic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate
+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate or dihydroartemisinin
+ DMSA (structural analogue of CysH, prophylactic treatment)
+ NaHS (fast-releasing donor of HS) or GYY4137 (slow-releasing donor of HS)
+ pantethine (structural analogue of CysH, prophylactic treatment)
12.5% DNA from A/J mice (including the C5 mutant gene) (= BcA76)
12.5% DNA from C57BL/6 mice (including the C5 WT gene) (= AcB55)
A -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-CD4
A -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-NK1.1
A -/- or Ii -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4)
A -/- or Ii -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-CD4
ab TCR -/-
ABCA1 -/-
aD -/-
Adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells + anti-CD4
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells + anti-CD8
adoptive transfer of in vivo activated WT splenocytes or CD8+ T cells (day 0)
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD4
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD8
adoptively transfered CD8 + T cells from PFP -/- mice
adoptively transfered CD8 + T cells from WT mice
Aicda -/- (mature B cells which produce IgM, but they cannot undergo isotype switching or secrete Abs)
anti-a4 integrin
anti-asialo GM1
anti-C5a
anti-C5aR
anti-C9
anti-CD11a
anti-CD11b
anti-CD134L (anti-OX89)
anti-CD14
anti-CD25 (day - 1 and day 1)
anti-CD25 (day -1 and +1)
anti-CD25 (day -1)
anti-CD25 (day -14)
anti-CD25 (day -2 and -6h)
anti-CD25 (day -3, -1 and 5)
anti-CD25 (day -30)
anti-CD25 (day 4)
anti-CD4
anti-CD4 (early treatment)
anti-CD4 (late treatment)
anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ and B+ splenocytes
anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes
anti-CD4 and anti-CD8
anti-CD40L
anti-CD41 (early treatment)
anti-CD61 (early treatment)
anti-CD8
anti-CD8 (early treatment)
anti-CD8 (late treatment)
anti-CD80
anti-CD80 and anti-CD86
anti-CD86
anti-CTLA-4
anti-CTLA-4 (day 0)
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD4
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD8
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-IFN-g
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-TNF
anti-CXCL10 (d3-9)
anti-CXCL10 (d5-9)
anti-gd TCR
anti-gd TCR (early treatment)
anti-gd TCR (late treatment)
anti-GM-CSF
anti-Gr-1 (day - 1)
anti-Gr-1 (late treatment)
anti-hEpo
anti-HVEM
anti-ICAM-1
anti-IFN-g
anti-IL-10
anti-IL-10R
anti-IL-12
anti-IL-12p40
anti-IL-18
anti-IL-3
anti-IL-3 and anti-GM-CSF
anti-IL-4
anti-IL-6
anti-L-selectin
anti-LAG-3
anti-LTbR
anti-m-chain from birth
anti-m-chain from birth (no B cells)
anti-NK1.1
anti-P-selectin
anti-PD-L1
anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD4
anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD8
anti-PD-L1 + anti-IFN-g
anti-PD-L1 + anti-LAG-3
anti-PD-L1 + anti-TNF
anti-PD-L2
anti-pDC (120G8)
anti-platelet
anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitors (acetylsalisyllic acid (ASA) or Clopidogrel (day 1)
anti-TGF-b
anti-TGF-b + anti-IL-10R
anti-Thy-1
anti-TNF-a
anti-TNF-a (Mab)
anti-TNF-a (PAb)
anti-TNF-a + anti-IFN-g
antioxidans
Apo-AI -/-
aprotinin (serine protease inhibitor)
ASC -/-
AT x BM (no thymus: no mature T cells)
b TCR -/-
b TCR -/- + adoptive transfer of a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from WT or Nlrp3-/- mice
b2 microglobuline -/-
b2 microglobuline -/- + anti-IP-10
BALB/c-nu/nu
Beige mutation (bg/ bg) (defect in NK cell cytotoxicity)
Bg/bg + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
biliverdin
Broad-spectrum MMP/TACE inhibitor
C1qa -/-
C3aR -/-
C3aR -/- + C5aR -/-
C5 -/-
C5aR -/-
Casp1 -/-
Casp12 -/-
Casp12 -/- + anti-IFN-g
Casp12 -/- + IKK inhibitor
Casp12 -/- + selective caspase-1 inhibitor (YVAD)
caspase inhibitor (ZVAD-fmk)
Caspase-1 -/-
CCR2 -/-
CCR5 -/-
CD14 -/-
CD18 -/-
CD1d -/-
CD36 -/-
CD36 -/- chimeras
CD4 -/-
CD4+ splenic T cells from normal mice
CD4+ T cells from mice with CM (LN derived)
CD40 -/-
CD40L -/-
CD8 -/-
Chemical activation of macrophages (early treatment) (liposomal MDP-GDP)
Chemical activation of macrophages (late treatment) (liposomal MDP-GDP)
Chemical depletion of macrophages (silica)
Chemical depletion of macrophages from spleen and liver (early treatment) (lip-Cl2MDP)
Chemical depletion of macrophages from spleen and liver (late treatment) (lip-Cl2MDP)
CO gas
CO gas + heme
COX1/COX2 inhibitor (aspirin)
CR3 -/-
CR4 -/-
CRP-tg
CXCL10 -/-
CXCL9 -/-
CXCR3 -/-
CXCR4 antagonist
d -/- TCR
d-chain-/- (gd TCR-/-)
dexamethasone
dexamethasone (late treatment)
dexamethasone + rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)
Fas -/- (lpr)
FasL -/- (gld)
FcgRIIB-/- (SLE-susceptible)
FcgRIIB-/-.yaa (SLE-susceptible), contains a duplication of TLR7
FcRg -/-
fibrinogen inhibitor
fish oil (structural analog of arachidonic acid)
free radical scavenger (BHA)
GM-CSF -/-
gp91phox -/- (no ROS)
H1R -/-
H1R inhibitor (levocetirizine)
H2-Bf/C2 -/-
H2R -/-
H2R inhibitor (cimetidine)
H3R -/-
H3R agonist
H3R inhibitor (imetit)
H4R inhibitor (JNJ7777120)
HDC -/-
heme
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statins)
Hmox-1 -/-
HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-)
HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-) + anti-CD8
HO-1 expressing adenovirus in liver
HO-1 inducer
HO-1 inhibitor
Hu-FcRI-tg + anti-PfMSP-1
IA-b -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4)
IA-b -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-IP-10
ICAM-1-/-
IDO-1 -/-
Ifit1 -/-
IFN-g -/-
IFN-g -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IFN-gR -/-
IFN-gRa -/-
IFNabR -/-
IFNaR1 -/-
IL-10 -/-
IL-10 -/- + anti-CD25
IL-10 -/- + anti-IFN-g
IL-10-/- x IFN-gR-/-
IL-12 -/-
IL-12p40 -/-
IL-12p40 -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IL-12p40 -/- + rIL-12
IL-15 -/-
IL-17-/- (17KO)
IL-18 -/-
IL-18 -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IL-1R -/-
IL-2 -/-
IL-2 -/- x m-MT
IL-23p19-/- (P19KO)
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-)
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-CD4
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-CD8
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-IFN-g
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-TNF-a
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + rIL-10
IL-3 -/-
IL-4 -/-
IL-4 -/- + anti-asialo GM1
IL-4 -/- + NOS2 inhibitor
IL-4Ra -/-
IL-4Ra -/- + anti-asialo GM1
IL-4Ra -/- + NOS2 inhibitor
in vitro activated WT and CXCR3 -/- effector CD8+ T cells (day 5)
IRF-1 -/-
IRF-1 -/- + rIL-12
IRF8 +/- [BXH2 x B6]F1
IRF8 -/- (BXH2)
Irgm1 -/-
Isg15 -/-
Ja281 -/-
Jak3 -/-
JH-gene segment -/- (JHD -/-)
JHD-/- (no B cells) + anti-IFN-g
kynurenine-3-hydroxilase inhibitor (i.p. vs p.o.)
kynurenine-3-hydroxylase inhibitor
LFA1 -/-
LIGHT -/-
LMP7 -/-
LT -/-
LT-a -/-
LTa -/-
LTab -/-
LTb -/-
LTbR -/-
m-BCR -/- (m-MT)
m-BCR -/- (m-MT) + anti-gd TCR
m-MT x d -/- TCR
mannan
MHC-II -/-(↓ CD4)
MMP-9 -/-
MP formation inhibitor (pantethine)
MyD88 -/-
NKC complex BALB/c (B6.BALB/c-Cmv1s)
NKC complex C57BL/6 (BALB.B6-Cmv1r)
Nlrc4 -/-
Nlrp3 -/-
NO donor or + NO gas
no T/B cells
Nod1Nod2 -/-
non-selective COX-1/2 inhibitor (indomethacin)
NOS inhibitor
NOS2 -/-
NOS2 inhibitor
NOS3 -/-
Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells
over-expression of bcl-2 in myeloid cells (hMRP8-Bcl-2 mice)
P-selectin -/-
P2X7R -/-
p47phox-/- (no ROI produced by the NADPH oxidase pathway)
p47phox-/- x NOS2-/-
PAFR -/-
PAFR selective antagonist (UK74,505)
PARP -/-
PF-4 -/-
PFP -/-
phenoxybenzamine (alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist)
RAG1-/-
RAG2 -/- (no mature T/B cells)
rhG-CSF
rhG-CSF + anti-TNF-a
rHu-IFN-a
rHu-IFN-a + anti- IFN-g
rHu-TNF-a
rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)
rHu-TNF-a (↓ dose)
rHu-TNF-a or rMu-TNF-a
rHuEpo
rHuTNF-a
rIFN-b
rIFN-g
rIL-10
rIL-12
rIL-12 + anti-asialo GM1
rIL-12 + anti-CD4
rIL-12 + anti-IFN-g
rIL-12 + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
rIL-12 + anti-TNF-a
rIL-12 + chloroquine
rIL-12 + NOS2 inhibitor
rIL-18
rIL-1a
rIL-1a + anti-IFN-g
rIL-1b
rIL-2
rIL-2 + anti -gd-T cell
rIL-6
rmEpo
rPF-4
rTGF-b
rTGF-b1 (oral)
Scavenger receptor blockage by Poly(I)
SCID (No T/B cells)
SDF-1a
selective COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib)
sFLT1-expressing adenovirusses
SOCS1 +/-
SOCS1 -/-
SOCS2 -/-
soluble ICAM-1
SR-AI/II -/-
Stat1 -/-
synthetic PGI2 analog
Taut -/-
testosterone
Tg + soluble TNFR1
TH1 cells from infected mice
TH1 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor
TH2 cells from infected mice
TH2 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor
Thymectomy + anti-CD4
Thymectomy + anti-CD4 (early treatment)
Thymectomy + anti-CD8
TIRAP -/-
TLR1 -/-
TLR2 -/-
TLR2/4 -/-
TLR2/4/9 -/-
TLR3 -/-
TLR4 -/-
TLR5 -/-
TLR6 -/-
TLR7 -/-
TLR7.tg (SLE-susceptible)
TLR9 -/-
TNF -/-
TNF-a -/-
TNF-a -/- x LT-a -/-
TNFR1 -/-
TNFR2 -/-
TNFR2 -/-bone marrow cells
tPA -/-
TRIF -/-
uPA -/-
uPAR -/-
WT bone marrow cells
xanthine oxidase inhibitor
µ-chain -/- (µ-MT )